PLITHOGENY
Etymology of Plithogeny
Plitho-geny etymologically comes from: (Gr.) πλήθος (plithos) = crowd, large number of, multitude, plenty of, and -geny < (Gr.) -γενιά (-geniá) = generation, the production of something & γένeια (géneia) = generations, the production of something < -γένεση (-génesi) = genesis, origination, creation, development, according to Translate Google Dictionaries [ https://translate.google.com/ ] and Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English, Third College Edition, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, pp. 562-563, 1988.
Therefore, plithogeny is the genesis or origination, creation, formation, development, and evolution of new entities from dynamics and organic fusions of contradictory and/or neutrals and/or non-contradictory multiple old entities.
Plithogenic means what is pertaining to plithogeny.
Plithogenic Set
A plithogenic set P is a set whose elements are characterized by one or more attributes, and each attribute may have many values. Each attribute’s value v has a corresponding degree of appurtenance d(x,v) of the element x to the set P, with respect to some given criteria.
In order to obtain a better accuracy for the plithogenic aggregation operators, a contradiction (dissimilarity) degree is defined between each attribute value and the dominant (most important) attribute value.
{However, there are cases when such dominant attribute value may not be taking into consideration or may not exist [therefore it is considered zero by default], or there may be many dominant attribute values. In such cases, either the contradiction degree function is suppressed, or another relationship function between attribute values should be established.}
The plithogenic aggregation operators (intersection, union, complement, inclusion, equality) are based on contradiction degrees between attributes’ values, and the first two are linear combinations of the fuzzy operators’ tnorm and tconorm.
Plithogenic set was introduced by Smarandache in 2017 [see B1] and it is a generalization of the crisp set, fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set, neutrosophic set, since these these types of sets are characterized by a single attribute value (appurtenance): which has one value (membership) – for the crisp set and fuzzy set, two values (membership, and nonmembership) – for intuitionistic fuzzy set, or three values (membership, nonmembership, and indeterminacy) – for neutrosophic set.
Example:
Let P be a plithogenic set, representing the students from a college. Let x
P be a generic student that is characterized by three attributes:
- altitude (a), whose values are {tall, short} = {a1, a2};
- weight (w), whose values are {obese, fat, medium, thin} = {w1, w2, w3, w4};
and
- hair color, whose values are {blond, reddish, brown} = {h1, h2, h3}.
The multi-attribute of dimension 3 is
Let's say P = {John(a1, w3, h2), Richard(a1, w3, h2)} = {John(tall, thin, reddish), Richard(tall, thin, reddish}.
From the view point of expert A, one has PA= {John(0.7, 0.2, 0.4), Richard(0.5, 0.8, 0.6)},
which means that, from the view point of expert A, John's fuzzy degrees of tallness, thinness, and reddishness are respectively 0.7, 0.2, and 0.4; while Richard's fuzzy degrees of tallness, thinness, and reddishness are respectively 0.5, 0.8, and 0.6.
While from the view point of expert B, one has PB = {John(0.8, 0.2, 0.5), Richard(0.3, 0.7, 0.4)}.
The uni-dimensional attribute contradiction degrees are:
Dominant attribute values are: , and respectively for each corresponding uni-dimensional attribute a, w, and h respectively. Let’s use the fuzzy Fb = ab {where F means fuzzy conjunction}, and
fuzzy F b = a + b – ab {where F means fuzzy disjunction}.
Then:
(a, b, c) /\N (d, e, f) = (ad, (1/2)[(be) + (b+e-be)], c+f-cf) = (ad, (b+e)/2, c+f-cf).
A plithogenic application to images
A pixel x may be characterized by colors c1, c2, ..., cn. We write x(c1, c2, ..., cn), where n >= 1.
We may consider the degree of each color either fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, or neutrosophic.
For example.
Fuzzy degree:
x(0.4, 0.6, 0.1, ..., 0.3).
Intuitionistic fuzzy degree:
x( (0.1, 0.2), (0.3, 0.5), (0.0, 0.6), ..., (0.8, 0.9) )
Neutrosophic degree:
x( (0.0, 0.3, 0.6), (0.2, 0.8, 0.9), (0.7, 0.4, 0.2), ..., (0.1, 0.1, 0.9) )
Then, we can use a plithogenic operator to combine them.
For example:
x(0.4, 0.6, 0.1, ..., 0.3) /\N x(0.1, 0.7, 0.5, ..., 0.2) = ...
We establish first the degrees of contradictions between between all colors ci and cj
in order to find the linear combinations of t-norm and t-conorm that one applies to each color
(similar to the indeterminacy above).
Plithogenic Probability
Since in plithogenic probability each event E from a probability space U is characterized by many chances of the event to occur [not only one chance of the event E to occur: as in classical probability, imprecise probability, and neutrosophic probability], a plithogenic probability distribution function, PP(x), of a random variable x, is described by many plithogenic probability distribution sub-functions, where each sub-function represents the chance (with respect to a given attribute value) that value x occurs, and these chances of occurrence can be represented by classical, imprecise, or neutrosophic probabilities (depending on the type of degree of a chance).
Example of Plithogenic Probabilistic
What is the plithogenic probability that Jenifer will graduate at the end of this semester in her program of electrical engineering, given that she is enrolled in and has to pass two courses of Mathematics (Non-Linear Differential Equations, and Stochastic Analysis), and two courses of Mechanics (Fluid Mechanics, and Solid Mechanics) ?
We have a 4 attribute-values of plithogenic probability.
According to her adviser, Jenifer’s plithogenic single-valued fuzzy probability of graduating at the end of this semester is:
J( 0.5, 0.6; 0.8, 0.4 ),
which means 50% chance of passing the Non-Linear Differential Equations class,
60% chance of passing the Stochastic Analysis class (as part of Mathematics),
and 80% of passing the Fluid Mechanics class
and 40% of passing the Solid Mechanics class (as part of Physics).
Therefore the plithogenic probability in this example is composed from 4 classical probabilities.
Plithogenic Statistics
As a generalization of classical statistics and neutrosophic statistics, the Plithogenic Statistics is the analysis of events described by the plithogenic probability.
In neutrosophic statistics we have some degree of indeterminacy into the data or into the statistical inference methods.
The Neutrosophic Probability (and similarly for Classical Probability, and for the Imprecise Probability) of an event E to occur is calculated with respect to the chance of the event E to occur (i.e. it is calculated with respect to only ONE chance of occurrence).
While the Plithogenic Probability of an event E to occur is calculated with respect to MANY chances of the event E to occur (it is calculated with respect to each event's attribute/parameter chance of occurrence).
Therefore, the Plithogenic Probability is a Multi-Probability (i.e. multi-dimensional probability) -
unlike the classical, imprecise and neutrosophic probabilities that are uni-dimensional probabilities.
Example of Plithogenic Statistics
Let's consider the previous Example of Plithogenic Probability that Jenifer will graduate at the end of this semester in her program of electrical engineering.
Instead of defining only one probability distribution function (and drawing its curve),
we do now 4 draw (four) probability distribution functions (and draw 4 curves), when we consider the neutrosophic distribution as
a uni-dimensional neutrosophic function.
Therefore, Plithogenic Statistics is a multi-variate statistics.
References
Books
B1. Florentin Smarandache: Plithogeny, Plithogenic Set, Logic, Probability, and Statistics. Brussels, Belgium: Pons, 2017, 141 p.
B2. Florentin Smarandache, Mohamed Abdel-Basset (editors): Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets, ELSEVIER, Academic Press, 2020, 446 p.
B3. Wilmer Ortega Chavez, Fermin Pozo Ortega, Janett Karina Vasquez Perez, Edgar Juan Diaz Zuniga, Alberto Rivelino Patino Rivera: Modelo ecologico de Bronferbrenner aplicado a la pedagogia, modelacion matematica para la toma de decisiones bajo incertidumbre: de la logica difusa a la logica plitogenica. NSIA Publishing House Editions, Huanuco, Peru, 2021, 144 p.
B4. Florentin Smarandache (Special Issue Editor): New types of Neutrosophic Set/Logic/Probability, Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off-Set, Neutrosophic Refined Set, and their Extension to Plithogenic Set/Logic/Probability, with Applications. Special Issue of Symmetry (Basel, Switzerland, in Scopus, IF: 1.256), November 2019, 714 p., https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry/special_issues/Neutrosophic_Set_Logic_Probability.
Articles
1. Florentin Smarandache: Plithogenic Set, an Extension of Crisp, Fuzzy, Intuitionistic Fuzzy, and Neutrosophic Sets - Revisited. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 21, 2018, 153-166.
2. Florentin Smarandache: Extension of Soft Set to Hypersoft Set, and then to Plithogenic Hypersoft Set. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 22, 2018, 168-170.
3. Florentin Smarandache: Conjunto plitogenico, una extension de los conjuntos crisp, difusos, conjuntos difusos intuicionistas y neutrosoficos revisitado. Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning, Vol. 3, 2018, 1-19.
4. Shazia Rana, Madiha Qayyum, Muhammad Saeed, Florentin Smarandache, Bakhtawar Ali Khan: Plithogenic Fuzzy Whole Hypersoft Set, Construction of Operators and their Application in Frequency Matrix Multi Attribute Decision Making Technique. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 28, 2019, 34-50.
5. Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache: Plithogenic Cognitive Maps in Decision Making. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS) Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, 9-21.
6. Florentin Smarandache, Nivetha Martin: Plithogenic n-Super Hypergraph in Novel Multi-Attribute Decision Making. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS) Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, 8-30.
7. Shazia Rana, Muhammad Saeed, Midha Qayyum, Florentin Smarandache: Plithogenic Subjective Hyper-Super-Soft Matrices with New Definitions & Local, Global, Universal Subjective Ranking Model. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS) Vol. 6, No. 2, 2020, 56-79; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3841624.
8. Firoz Ahmad, Ahmad Yusuf Adhami, Florentin Smarandache: Modified neutrosophic fuzzy optimization model for optimal closed-loop supply chain management under uncertainty. Optimization Theory Based on Neutrosophic and Plithogenic Sets, 2020, 343-403; DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819670-0.00015-9.
9. Sudipta Gayen, Florentin Smarandache, Sripati Jha, Manoranjan Kumar Singh, Said Broumi, Ranjan Kumar: Introduction to Plithogenic Hypersoft Subgroup. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 33, 2020, 208-233.
10. Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache: Introduction to Combined Plithogenic Hypersoft Sets. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 35, 2020, 503-510.
11. Shio Gai Quek, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Florentin Smarandache, J. Vimala, Son Hoang Le, Quang-Thinh Bui, Vassilis C. Gerogiannis: Entropy Measures for Plithogenic Sets and Applications in Multi-Attribute Decision Making. Mathematics 2020, 8, 965, 17 p.; DOI: 10.3390/math8060965.
12. Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache: Concentric Plithogenic Hypergraph based on Plithogenic Hypersoft sets - A Novel Outlook. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 33, 2020, 78-91.
13. George Bala: Information Fusion Using Plithogenic Set and Logic. Acta Scientific Computer Sciences 2.7, 2020, 26-27.
14. Shawkat Alkhazaleh: Plithogenic Soft Set. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 33, 2020, 256-274.
15. R. Sujatha, S. Poomagal, G. Kuppuswami, Said Broumi: An Analysis on Novel Corona Virus by a Plithogenic Fuzzy Cognitive Map Approach. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS), Volume 11, Issue 2, 2020, 62-75; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4275788.
16. S. P. Priyadharshini, F. Nirmala Irudayam, F. Smarandache: Plithogenic Cubic Sets. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS), Volume 11, Issue 1, 2020, 30-38; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4275725.
17. Prem Kumar Singh: Plithogenic set for multi-variable data analysis. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS), Volume 1, Issue 2, 2020, 81-89; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3988028.
18. C. Sankar, R. Sujatha, D. Nagarajan: TOPSIS by Using Plithogenic Set in COVID-19 Decision Making. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS), Volume 10, Issue 2, 2020, 116-125; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4277255.
19. Nivetha Martin, R. Priya: New Plithogenic sub cognitive maps approach with mediating effects of factors in COVID-19 diagnostic model. Journal of Fuzzy Extension & Applications (JFEA), Volume 2, Issue 1, Winter 2021, 1-15; DOI: 10.22105/JFEA.2020.250164.1015.
20. Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Rehab Mohamed, Florentin Smarandache, Mohamed Elhoseny: A New Decision-Making Model Based on
Plithogenic Set for Supplier Selection. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2021, vol. 66, no. 3, 2752-2769. DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.013092
21. Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache, R. Priya: Introduction to Plithogenic Sociogram with preference representations by Plithogenic
Number. Journal of Fuzzy Extension & Applications, 15 p.
22. S.P. Priyadharshini, F. Nirmala Irudayam, F. Smarandache: Plithogenic Cubic Set. International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS),
2020, Vol. 11, No. 1, 30-38.
23. Muhammad Rayees Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed , Usman Afzal, Miin-Shen Yang: A Novel MCDM Method Based on Plithogenic Hypersoft
Sets under Fuzzy Neutrosophic Environment. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1855, 23 p.; DOI: 10.3390/sym12111855
24. Korucuk Selcuk, Demir Ezgi, Karamasa Caglar, Stevic Zeljko: Determining The Dimensions of The Innovation Ability in Logistics Sector
by Using Plithogenic-Critic Method: An Application in Sakarya Province. International Review, No. 1-2, September 2020, 10 p.
25. Rawa Alwadani, Nelson Oly Ndubisi: Family business goal, sustainable supply chain management, and platform economy: a theory
based review & propositions for future research. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 25 p.; DOI:
10.1080/13675567.2021.1944069
26. S.P. Priyadharshini, F. Nirmala Irudayam: A Novel Approach of Refined Plithogenic Neutrosophic Sets in Multi Criteria Decision
Making. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, Volume 3, Issue 4, May 2021, 5 p.
27. Alptekin Uluta¸ Ayse Topal, Darjan Karabasevic, Dragisa Stanujkic, Gabrijela Popovic, and Florentin Smarandache, Prioritization of
Logistics Risks with Plithogenic PIPRECIA Method, in C. Kahraman et al. (Eds.): INFUS 2021, Springer, LNNS 308, pp. 663–670, 2022.
