Neutrosophic Modeling and Redesign Effects Analysis of Abandoned Buildings in the Context of Urban Renewal: A Spatial Probabilistic Framework for Urban Hazard Risk

Abstract

Urban environments often suffer from the cumulative risks associated with 
abandoned structures, which can generate hazards such as structural collapses, fires, and 
socio-economic degradation. Traditional statistical models fail to capture the 
indeterminacy, vagueness, and incomplete knowledge surrounding such hazards. This 
paper proposes a fully Neutrosophic probabilistic framework for modeling spatial hazard 
intensities related to abandoned buildings. We redefine the event intensity function λ as 
a Neutrosophic-valued quantity λN=(T,I,F)  representing degrees of truth, indeterminacy, 
and falsity regarding the hazard level. A novel Neutrosophic Poisson process is 
formulated, enabling flexible modeling of uncertainty and ignorance in spatial domains. 
A numerical case study on a 5×5 urban grid demonstrates the interpretability and 
robustness of the proposed approach. The results highlight how Neutrosophic logic 
enhances decision-making in urban renewal planning under real-world uncertainty.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16887963