Global Gender Inequality in Industry: A Systematic Review with  Neutrosophic Analysis

Jimmy Hurtado Paspuel; Raquel Vera-Ortega; Angel M. Plaza; Bernardo Hubert Ovalle Correa

Authors

Jimmy Hurtado Paspuel Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial
Raquel Vera-Ortega Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial;
Angel M. Plaza Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial;
Bernardo Hubert Ovalle Correa Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial;

Keywords:

neutrosophic analysis, single-valued neutrosophic sets, neutrosophic correlation, gender inequality, workplace harassment

Abstract

This study examines gender inequalities in the worldwide sector via a systematic review
employing a neutrosophic approach, focusing on income discrepancies, workplace harassment,
preventative strategies, professional hurdles, and leadership representation. The neutrosophic
methodology categorizes findings into components of truth, falsehood, and indeterminacy,
assessing evidence via four metrics: neutrosophic score, reliability index, certainty level, and
information quality index. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 standards, 282 studies published from
2020 to 2024 were examined. The findings indicate that workplace harassment exhibits the most
substantial evidence (reliability=0.828, IQI=0.496), succeeded by wage disparities (reliability=0.813,
IQI=0.400), whereas prevention policies reveal the greatest uncertainty (reliability=0.696). Robust
negative correlations between Truth-Indeterminacy (-0.861) and Truth-Falsity (-0.858) substantiate
the analytical approach. The analysis identifies substantial research deficiencies in the efficacy of
prevention policies and the representation of leadership, especially within North American
contexts. These findings establish a thorough framework for comprehending the elements of gender
inequality in the workplace, presenting explicit guidance for research objectives and policy
measures to mitigate gender disparities in industry.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14826397