Connections between Andean Epistemology and Neutrosophic Logic: Evaluating Foundational Models in Cultural Complexity.

Abstract

This paper explores the potential of Andean epistemology - rooted in the principles of complementarity (yanantin), interdependence and indeterminacy to enrich contemporary science and artificial intelligence (AI). By transcending binary logic through concepts such as ch'ixi (simultaneous coexistence of opposites) and yanantin, Andean thought aligns with Florentin Smarandache's neutrosophic logic, a system that formalizes truth (T), falsity (F) and indeterminacy (I) to navigate ambiguity. Smarandache's multialism, which emphasizes the coexistence of multiple perspectives, further resonates with the Andean cosmovision, offering a framework for reinterpreting mythology and folklore beyond rigid dualities. Integrating these principles into AI could foster systems that better handle uncertainty, cultural context, and ethical complexity. However, current models such as GPT-4 present critical limitations: biases toward overestimation of truth values (T) and artificial clustering of indeterminacy (I ≈ 0.7), flattening nuanced concepts such as yanantin and ch'ixi. Furthermore, the low semantic similarity (cosine = 0.17) between AI-generated justifications and the original Andean texts reveals gaps in replicating cultural terminology and relational reasoning, underscoring the need for epistemology-based AI design. Future work should prioritize expanding datasets with contextualized examples-including regional variations, ritual practices, and neutrosophic scales (T, I, F)-employing advanced linguistic models aligned with Andean epistemological annotations, and integrating hybrid post-processing strategies such as bilingual (Quechua/Spanish) fine-tuning and expert collaboration for culturally and technically rigorous validation. By bridging Andean philosophy and Smarandache neutrosophic frameworks, this research advocates for a culturally inclusive AI capable of honoring pluralistic worldviews, fostering equitable knowledge systems, and advancing technologies that serve humanity and the planet holistically.