Multineutrosophic analysis of musculoskeletal and oral alterations in children with dysfunctional respiratory patterns

Abstract

Mouth breathing in children is associated with oral and postural alterations that affect craniofacial and musculoskeletal development, commonly caused by respiratory obstructions. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationship between mouth breathing and oral alterations in children aged 2 to 12, aiming to understand its implications and propose early diagnosis and treatment solutions. A review of studies on this relationship in children with mouth breathing and postural issues was conducted, alongside a multineutrosophic analysis and the assessment of diagnostic methods' precision and clinical applicability. The results showed a high prevalence of malocclusions and postural alterations, highlighting mandibular retrusion, crossbite, and changes in cervical lordosis. It was concluded that early diagnosis and treatment of mouth breathing are essential to prevent craniofacial and postural complications, with the recommendation for a comprehensive clinical evaluation for proper management.