Statistical neutrosophic analysis on gonial angle in class I, II, III patients in panoramic and lateral radiographs

Abstract

The gonial angle is an important measurement within the cephalometric tracing, it is used to deter- mine the facial growth pattern, consequently determined also by the muscular pattern, however, in the lateral skull radiography there is overlapping of the angle of the left and right sides, a situation that could cause an error in the measurement. The gonial angle can be measured in panoramic radiography, where the right and left gonial angles can be measured individually, considerably reducing the risk of error, since there is no overlapping of im- ages as in lateral skull radiography. This is why the use of neutrosophic methods can contribute to the improve- ment of the analysis of this problem. In this sense, the objective of the present research is to perform a neutro- sophic statistical analysis of the gonial angle in class I, II and III patients in panoramic and lateral radiographs. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical statistical methods and techniques were used. The results obtained con- tributed to achieve greater precision in the analysis of this problem.