Causal Modeling of Violence in the Metropolitan Area of Guayaquil: Neutrosophic Evidence and Analysis of Necessary Conditions.
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Published:
Sep 2, 2025
Keywords:
Urban violence; Metropolitan Area of Guayaquil; fsQCA; NCA; Neutrosophy; Bottlenecks/thresholds; Inequality; Unemployment; Institutions; Gangs; Public space
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Abstract
Urban violence in the Metropolitan Area of Guayaquil poses persistent challenges for social well-being and governance. This study integrates three sources of evidence to clarify which factors are necessary and what minimum levels enable high levels of violence. First, we apply stance detection with a neutrosophic representation to construct a literature-based prior (T, I, F). We then assess necessary conditions using fsQCA (fuzzy-set inclusion
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Causal Modeling of Violence in the Metropolitan Area of Guayaquil: Neutrosophic Evidence and Analysis of Necessary Conditions. (2025). Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning. ISSN 2574-1101, 40(1), 1-9. https://fs.unm.edu/NCML2/index.php/112/article/view/866
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Causal Modeling of Violence in the Metropolitan Area of Guayaquil: Neutrosophic Evidence and Analysis of Necessary Conditions. (2025). Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning. ISSN 2574-1101, 40(1), 1-9. https://fs.unm.edu/NCML2/index.php/112/article/view/866