Neutrosophic-Based Cephalometric Analysis for Egyptian Population Using Novel  Software

Nagham Ahmed Abdelmegeed; Amal F. Abdel-Gawad; Mohamed Alaa Fahmy El-Ghamry

Authors

Nagham Ahmed Abdelmegeed Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence -Sohag University, Egypt;
Amal F. Abdel-Gawad Decision Support Department, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, Zagazig;
Mohamed Alaa Fahmy El-Ghamry Department of computer science, faculty of computers and informatics Zagazig University, Egypt;

Keywords:

Neutrosophic logic, cephalometric analysis, N-ECA Software, Egyptian anatomy, uncertainty modeling

Abstract

Cephalometric analysis is vital for orthodontic diagnosis, yet uncertainties in
landmark identification, particularly for Egyptian patients, challenge accuracy. This study
proposes the Neutrosophic Egyptian Cephalometric Analysis Software (N-ECA
Software), an open-source tool leveraging neutrosophic logic to model truth (T),
indeterminacy (I), and falsity (F) in facial, jaw, and dental measurements. The software
processes lateral cephalometric X-rays, using neutrosophic sets for robust landmark
detection and angle classification. Validated against manual analysis and the Downs
program, N-ECA achieves 85-90% accuracy, outperforming Downs ( 60 − 65% ) and
matching commercial tools. Neutrosophic statistical metrics and non-parametric tests
confirm their reliability. This is the first application of neutrosophic logic to cephalometric
analysis, offering a cost-effective, Egyptian-specific solution.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15866644