Probability Multi-Valued Neutrosophic Sets for Improving Instructional Practices in College Civil and Commercial Law Courses: A Quality-Based Evaluation Approach

Abstract

The evolving nature of legal education necessitates continuous improvement in 
instructional practices, particularly within core areas like civil and commercial law. As legal 
systems grow in complexity and relevance, higher education institutions must ensure that law 
students are not only well-versed in theory but also equipped with practical and analytical skills. 
This study proposes a quality-based evaluation framework to systematically assess and improve 
teaching strategies in civil and commercial law courses. Four key criteria curriculum relevance, 
instructional effectiveness, student engagement, and assessment quality—are employed to 
evaluate seven instructional alternatives ranging from traditional lectures to simulation-based 
learning. Utilizing neutrosophic set approach, the study identifies high-impact teaching practices 
that enhance student comprehension, critical thinking, and real-world readiness. We use the 
neutrosophic set to solve uncertainty problems. Probability Multi-Valued Neutrosophic Sets is 
used in this study with a set of definitions and operations. Results show that experiential and 
blended models outperform traditional formats, highlighting the need for pedagogical 
transformation. This research provides valuable insight for educators, academic planners, and 
legal training institutions striving for excellence in law education.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15866992