Contributions of Educational Investment to Interna-tional Student Mobility: A Multivariate and Neutrosophic Analysis of Educational Service Quality in OECD Data

Abstract

This article examines the impact of educational investments in higher education on student international mobility from 39 OECD countries between 2013 and 2020 through multivariate statistical analyses and neutrosophic modeling of the SERVQUAL Neutrosophic Model. The findings, based on principal component analysis, biplot conclusions, and multiple linear regressions, suggest that there is a complicated, mixed relationship between investment per student, investment as a percentage of higher education, and part-time employment. However, findings establish that educational investments (in unconditional numbers) have a direct nexus to international mobility, linking biometrics to positive human well-being efforts, sustainability of academic disciplines, and responsible, relative internationalization. In addition, the SERVQUAL Neutrosophic Model, as a new contribution to the study, emphasizes the quality of educational services offered or expected by students for critical infrastructure, international student resources, and indigenous employment opportunities; thus neutrosophically analyzed where the temporal aspect of measurement can either mesh or integrally clash. For example, Norway and Denmark's high investment per student yield positive outcomes with little neutrosophic uncertainty; however, India's low investment predicts ambiguity for low neutrosophic certainty for service access and female students regarding part-time opportunities. Thus, this implies that both integrative public policy within higher education and labor markets and subsequent neutrosophic assessments of service quality are necessary to better facilitate personal mobility for community-driven intention and international efforts.