Entropy Generation in EMHD Hybrid Nanofluids: A Neutrosophic Approach with Thermal Radiation and Melting Effects

Abstract

Entropy generation in hybrid nanofluid flows under electromagnetic and thermal effects is crucial for
 enhancing energy efficiency in advanced engineering systems. This study focuses on the steady electromagneto
hydrodynamic (EMHD) stagnation point flow of a Cu–Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface,
 taking into account the roles of thermal radiation and surface melting. To effectively capture uncertainties
 arising from fluctuating thermal properties and boundary conditions, a neutrosophic approach is adopted. The
 governing partial differential equations are transformed into Neutrosophic Differential Equations (NDEs), inte
grating degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity. These equations are numerically solved using a fourth-order
 Runge–Kutta method in combination with a shooting technique.
 The analysis examines how key physical and neutrosophic parameters influence the velocity field, temperature
 distribution, entropy generation, and Bejan number. Comparative assessments with classical deterministic
 and Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) models confirm the improved adaptability and robustness of the
 neutrosophic framework. Additionally, sensitivity analysis underscores the model’s effectiveness in handling
 parameter uncertainty.
 The results provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in contexts where precise data may
 be unavailable, with applications ranging from microscale cooling devices to industrial thermal processes. The
 study also outlines model limitations and directions for future research

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17216347