Andean Epistemology, Ch’ixi, and Neutrosophic Logic

Abstract

This article explores the potential of Andean epistemology—rooted in principles of 
complementarity (yanantin), interdependence, and indeterminacy—to enrich contemporary science 
and artificial intelligence (AI). By transcending binary logic through concepts like ch’ixi 
(simultaneous coexistence of opposites) and yanantin, Andean thought aligns with Florentin 
Smarandache’s neutrosophic logic, a system that formalizes truth (T), falsehood (F), and 
indeterminacy (I) to navigate ambiguity. Smarandache’s MultiAlism, which emphasizes the 
coexistence of multiple perspectives, further resonates with Andean cosmovision, offering a 
framework to reinterpret mythology and folklore beyond rigid dualities. Integrating these 
principles into AI could foster systems that better handle uncertainty, cultural context, and ethical 
complexity. However, current models like GPT-4 exhibit critical limitations: biases toward 
overestimating truth values (T) and artificially clustering indeterminacy (I ≈ 0.7), flattening nuanced 
concepts such as yanantin and ch’ixi. Additionally, the low semantic similarity (cosine = 0.17) 
between AI-generated justifications and original Andean texts reveals gaps in replicating cultural 
terminology and relational reasoning, underscoring the need for epistemologically grounded AI 
design. Future work should prioritize expanding datasets with contextualized examples—including 
regional variations, ritual practices, and neutrosophic scales (T, I, F)—employing advanced 
language models aligned with Andean epistemological annotations and integrating hybrid post
processing strategies such as bilingual (Quechua/Spanish) fine-tuning and expert collaboration for 
culturally and technically rigorous validation. By bridging Andean philosophy with Smarandache’s 
neutrosophic frameworks, this research advocates for culturally inclusive AI capable of honoring 
pluralistic worldviews, fostering equitable knowledge systems, and advancing technologies that 
serve humanity and the planet holistically. 

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14827132